IEC 60870-5-104 Security: From APCI State Activation to IEC 62351
Описание и применение
Исследование показало, что протокол IEC 60870‑5‑104 не требует аутентификации при активации канала, что позволяет злоумышленникам отправлять команды, если они знают адресацию. Реализация допускает прямое выполнение команд и не строго соблюдает порядок последовательных номеров, что повышает риск атак.
Задача
IEC 60870-5-104 lacks authentication at link activation, allowing attackers to reach control functions if they know addressing scheme.
Результат
The study revealed that IEC 60870‑5‑104 link activation is unauthenticated, allowing attackers to send commands once the link is active. The implementation tolerated out‑of‑sequence counters and did not enforce Select‑Before‑Operate, enabling direct control execution. These findings highlight the necessity of adding transport‑layer security or IEC 62351 extensions.
Рабочий процесс
- Set up isolated lab with lib60870-C cs104_server_no_threads on 127.0.0.1:2404
- Establish TCP connection and send raw U‑format STARTDT ACT frame
- Capture traffic with Wireshark to observe link activation sequence
- Send I‑frames after activation to test command execution and sequence handling
- Inject malformed or out‑of‑sequence frames to test parser boundary and error handling
- Compare cleartext behavior with TLS/mTLS lab to assess security boundary
Доказательства
There was no identity negotiation, credential exchange, cryptographic challenge, or authentication step between TCP establishment and link activation.
The command was accepted without a preceding Select operation.
- Дата записи: 2026-09-05T15:14:51.785Z